Intan Febriani
1EA45
NPM : 15214368
6) Mr. John said, "I'm not going to chicago" >> Direct Speech (Present continous tense)
Answer :
Mr. John said that, He wasn't going to chicago >> Indirect Speech (Past continous tense)
8) Jane said, "I can't afford to buy a new car" >> Direct Speech (Present tense)
Answer :
Jane said that, she couldn't afford to buy a new car >> Indirect Speech (Past tense)
Jumat, 24 April 2015
Quoted Speech ‘n Reported Speech
Quoted Speech ‘n Reported Speech
We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can use direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech.
Quoted Speech / Direct Speech
Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech). Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.
For Example :
Direct Speech
Adam said,”I’ve been working hard for seven years”
or
"I've been working hard for seven years", Adam said.
Reported Speech / Indirect Speech
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
For Example :
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Adam said,”I’ve been working hard for seven years” → Adam said that he had been working hard for seven years.
Tense change
As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):
Quoted Speech → Reported Speech
1) Present Simple → Past Simple
Adam said,”I work hard” → Adam said that he worked hard.
2) Present Continuous → Past Continuous
Adam said,”I am working hard” → Adam said that he was working hard.
3) Present Perfect → Past Perfect
Adam said,”I have worked hard” → Adam said that he had worked hard.
4) Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
Adam said,”I’ve been working hard for seven years” → Adam said that he had been
working hard for seven years.
5) Past Simple → Past Perfect
Adam said,”I worked hard” → Adam said that he had worked hard.
6) Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
Adam said,”I was working earlier” → Adam said that he had been working earlier.
7) Past Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
Adam said,”I’d already been working for ten minutes”→ [NO CHANGE] Adam said that
he’d already been working for ten minutes.
Modal
Modal verb forms also sometimes change:
Quoted Speech → Reported Speech
1) Will → Would
She said,”I‘ll teach English online tomorrow” → She said she would teach English online
tomorrow.
2) Can → Could
She said,”I can teach English online” → She said she could teach English online.
3) Must → Had to
She said,”I must have a dictionary to teach English online” → She said she had to have
a dictionary to teach English online tomorrow.
4) Shall → Should
She said,”What shall we learn today?” → She asked what we should learn today.
5) May → Might
She said,”May I open a new browser?” → She asked if she might open a new browser.
NOTE : There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.
Time change
If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.
For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.
For example :
Now + 24 hours - Indirect speech
She said yesterday's lesson was on presentations.
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations." She said yesterday's lesson would be on
presentations.
Expression of time if reported on a different day
Last... > ...before
Today > That day
Yesterday > The day before
Tommorow > The next day
Last week > The previous week
Next week > The following week
Two days ago > Two days before
A week ago > A week before
A mounth ago > A mounth before
These > Those
This > That
Over here > Over there
Here > There
Now > Then, at that moment
For example :
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
He said, "I am studying English now." → He said that he was studying English then.
In addition if you report something that someone said in a different place to where you heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there).
For example :
At work At home
"How long have you worked here?" She asked me how long I'd worked there.
Intan Febriani
1EA45
15214368
We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can use direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech.
Quoted Speech / Direct Speech
Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech). Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.
For Example :
Direct Speech
Adam said,”I’ve been working hard for seven years”
or
"I've been working hard for seven years", Adam said.
Reported Speech / Indirect Speech
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
For Example :
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Adam said,”I’ve been working hard for seven years” → Adam said that he had been working hard for seven years.
Tense change
As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):
Quoted Speech → Reported Speech
1) Present Simple → Past Simple
Adam said,”I work hard” → Adam said that he worked hard.
2) Present Continuous → Past Continuous
Adam said,”I am working hard” → Adam said that he was working hard.
3) Present Perfect → Past Perfect
Adam said,”I have worked hard” → Adam said that he had worked hard.
4) Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
Adam said,”I’ve been working hard for seven years” → Adam said that he had been
working hard for seven years.
5) Past Simple → Past Perfect
Adam said,”I worked hard” → Adam said that he had worked hard.
6) Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
Adam said,”I was working earlier” → Adam said that he had been working earlier.
7) Past Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
Adam said,”I’d already been working for ten minutes”→ [NO CHANGE] Adam said that
he’d already been working for ten minutes.
Modal
Modal verb forms also sometimes change:
Quoted Speech → Reported Speech
1) Will → Would
She said,”I‘ll teach English online tomorrow” → She said she would teach English online
tomorrow.
2) Can → Could
She said,”I can teach English online” → She said she could teach English online.
3) Must → Had to
She said,”I must have a dictionary to teach English online” → She said she had to have
a dictionary to teach English online tomorrow.
4) Shall → Should
She said,”What shall we learn today?” → She asked what we should learn today.
5) May → Might
She said,”May I open a new browser?” → She asked if she might open a new browser.
NOTE : There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.
Time change
If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.
For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.
For example :
Now + 24 hours - Indirect speech
She said yesterday's lesson was on presentations.
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations." She said yesterday's lesson would be on
presentations.
Expression of time if reported on a different day
Last... > ...before
Today > That day
Yesterday > The day before
Tommorow > The next day
Last week > The previous week
Next week > The following week
Two days ago > Two days before
A week ago > A week before
A mounth ago > A mounth before
These > Those
This > That
Over here > Over there
Here > There
Now > Then, at that moment
For example :
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
He said, "I am studying English now." → He said that he was studying English then.
In addition if you report something that someone said in a different place to where you heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there).
For example :
At work At home
"How long have you worked here?" She asked me how long I'd worked there.
Intan Febriani
1EA45
15214368
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